The Depression and the Nazis

How did the Depression Help the Nazis?

After reading pages 191-194, do you agree with Goebbels' view that people rallied to support Hitler for positive reasons - or do you think that Gordon Craig (bottom, pg. 193"negative cohesion") was right that people supported the Nazis out of fear and disillusionment?

Work through questions 1 - 3 to help you make up your mind.

1. Look carefully at Sources 3-7 and 9. For each source, write two sentences explaining whether you think it is evidence that:

• Supports the view of Goebbels
• Supports the view of Craig
• Could be used to support either interpretation

Source 3:

I believe that this source would support the views od Craig more than Goebbels. Once the people of Germany realized that the economy wasn't changing for the better anymore they sought for Nazis because they hated Communists so much.

Source 4:

I believe that this source could be used for Goebbels' interpretation of positive reasoning. This woman is happy that finally there is discipline and leadership being marched through the streets of her country and the Nazi party will continue this.

Source 5:

Source 5 is an example of the two ideas coming together. For the argument of Craig, since the majority hated the Treaty of Versailles they used that as a common ground and for the argument of Goebbels, it would make Germany a better place without the Treaty.

Source 6:

I believe this is also an example of both. This source just shows how popular the Nazi party was becoming which can make a good argument for both positive followers and negative.

Source 7:

This source is definitely an example of Craig's ideas. Because the bulk of the population disliked the communists, the common ideas of disliking communists was a large point that the Nazis drived off of.

Source 9:

This source could also be an example of Craig's ideas. Showing the negative side of the depression and how the majority of the people were middle class needed the basic necessities that the Nazis promised.

2. Now work through the text and other sources on pages 191-94. Make a list of examples and evidence that seem to support either viewpoint.

• Source 1 - possible Craig viewpoint, negative living conditions may bring the people in the photo to vote with the Nazis for the sake of living standards
• Source 2 - like source 1 in negative conditions (unemployment) could drive people to sway with the Nazi party
• Nazi campaigning - Goebbels - mainly because the Nazis were the ones doing the campaigning but it was so good it may have engulfed people
• Communist hate around Germany - may have forced people into siding with the Nazis for the benefit of the doubt (Craig)
• People who wanted traditional social values may have sided with the Nazis for benefit (Craig)

3. Decide how far you agree with each of the following three statements and give them a score on a scale of 1-5. And then, write a short paragraph explaining your score for each statement.

a. Very few people fully supported the Nazis (Score = 4) Explanation:

I mostly agree with this statement that very few people fully supported the Nazis. I believe that most people saw the Nazi party as a new and promising future that could possibly be the final step in making Germany better. I think many people were merely following the Nazis seeing that they were the closest to their beliefs. For example, with the widely spread ideas of Communist dislike the Nazis played on this and often referred to their dislike with the Communist Party in Germany. I do believe that many people did fully support the Nazi Party at this time because of the failing government and economy on the other hand. I believe many people did support them because they were looking for change that didn't include Communists or people "responsible" for the failure of Germany.

b. The Key factor was the economic depression. Without it, the Nazis would have remained a minority fringe party. (Score = 4) Explanation:

The economic depression was a huge factor and the most prevalent for the Nazi rise to power but I do believe other aspects were responsible for the Nazis rise out of minority. Things like poor political leadership also contributed to the rise of the NSDAP. With Germany being a many party state during the time of the economic depression, this helped them because they were fans of a single party state which is what they sought for Germany to become. But also, the economic depression was a huge help with Nazi propaganda and a driving force for people to start to support them.

c. The politicians of the Weimar Republic were mainly responsible for the rise of the Nazis. (Score = 2) Explanation:

The politicians of the Weimar Republic were somewhat responsible for the rise of the Nazis but not completely. I would argue the conditions of the state to be the most significant way that the NSDAP rised to power. With the prevalent political and economic problems that were adressed by the Nazis, it was clear that this was their biggest help. Although politicians in the Weimar Republic were making the Weimar such a failure which then helped the Nazis, the issues that the state was going through was definitely the aspect mainly responsible for the rise of the Nazi party.

Nazi Ideology

Consider your homework on the Nazi 25-Point Program, Hitler's writings in Mein Kampf, and Hitler's background. Take all of your knowledge of the above and develop several solid paragraphs that discuss and analyze Nazi ideology. I've provided you several guiding questions below.

Ideology: A statement of broad principles and vision for the future

Key questions to consider when analyzing the ideology of a leader:

• What ideas are proposed?
• What issues or grievances do they address?
• Do they represent a new form or structure for the society?
• Do they introduce entirely new concepts, values or goals to the society?
• Have they been inspired by a particular individual, school of thought or philosophy?
• How relevant or effective are they in attracting support within the local, regional and international community?
• Is it revolutionary, visionary, or inspirational?
• Can it inspire support, cause excitement? Does it appeal to broad sectors of society? Who does it attract?
• Which groups in the society will feel challenged or threatened by the new ideas?

When Hitler was rising to power, he utilized his different ideologies in order to make the NSDAP the main part in Germany. With his propaganda, Hitler was able to address the problems in Germany that were on everybody's minds. He was able to capture the minds of the German people with his eloquence and charismatic speaking that included his 25 point program that he though was surely going to better Germany and convince the people that the NSDAP was the right vote. His words were inspirational, revolutionary and visionary to a people tired of the economic and political sufferings of Germany.

He was very effective when persuading the people of Germany to vote for him. He made them think that Germany would be in the hands of someone great when he was to take power and that they should not fear the future. They needed guidance at this time and saw Hitler as someone who would help them even if they didn't believe everything he said.

Hitler gave the people of Germany things to look forward to in the state regarding politics and government. He was planning on making the state a single party and making the NSDAP the leader because democracy was so "weak" and capitalism was only stealing from the people of Germany. He promised them that they would have a strong leader. Regarding the economy, Hitler told the people that he would help the crisis by proposing a new idea. He thought that if the people worked for the state, the state would in turn work for the people and make everything better. People were very happy with the ideologies of Hitler and thought that he would bring new change to a struggling Germany.

Hitler's Background

One of the crucial elements in writing an essay about a dictator is understanding their background and how it influenced their early thinking and behavior during their rise to power. Hitler's background is extremely important as it influenced his interactions with the NSDAP. Using the information on the reading, sift through the most important aspects about Hitler's early life to be able to develop two strong paragraphs that are relevant in his rise to power up to 1923.

NOTE: Use only the most important information. Try to avoid the "trivia" because it will bog down your writing. Also, you may bullet point this information, but then you must still write it out in paragraph form, as you would on an essay. (The bullet points will help you when studying.) HINT: I strongly suspect this question will appear on Wednesday's test.

Hitler's Background

Discuss Hitler's background to 1923 and how it influenced his rise to power with the NSDAP.

Hitler's Past

• Born Austrian - continues to live there for years
• Lives in the slums of Vienna w/ Jewish and Marxist advocates -- begins his anti-Semitic and anti-marxism feelings
• Moves to Munich, Germany in 1913

Hitler's Character

• Shy, awkward, moody, lonely
• Contemptuous of mankind >:(
• Tremendous energy and willpower
• Single minded fanatic

Propaganda Skills

• Great Orator and captured the audience w/ his speeches
• Turned what the crowd wanted to hear into words

Ideas he had

• Social Darwinism/survival of the fittest (German race should override all others)
• All Germans should join together - Pan-Germanism
• "Lebensraum" Germany must expand and become more of a world power to feed growing population
• Believer in socialism - stressing the needs of the national community
• Anti-Marxism and the idea of Karl Marx because he was a non-religious Jew
• Anti-democracy - it provided weak government and needed to be replaced with a single party state
• Anti-capitalism - power that came from being very rich - owners of the big businesses and firms; the Jews

The beginning of Hitler's life and when he moved to Germany:

Hitler was born Austrian to the Schicklgruber family. He continues to live in Austria for many years. After being denied to a school for the arts that he strived to get into in Vienna, he drifts around for years living in the slums of Vienna. In these slums he was forced to live with different minorities including people that had different political and religious views. He began to get anti-semitic, anti-marxist, and anti-democratic reactions from living amongst people that practiced these different views. After being drafted for the Austrian-Hungary army, he flees to Munich and lives there until he is called back to Austria.

Hitler's character and propaganda skills:

Hitler had an odd combination of character traits and interesting propaganda skills. He was a shy and awkward man that really hated mankind. Although he was filled with negative traits, he also acquired tremendous energy and he had a lot of willpower. These positive traits were an excellent edition for his propaganda skills. He was able to give an extremely powerful speech because of his excessive willpower and his tremendous amount of energy. He was able to captivate the audience with his speeches and he was able to put into words the thoughts of the audience members. His speeches and propaganda work helped him greatly in his successes with the NSDAP.

Hitler's ideas:

The ideas that Hitler had about struggling Germany definitely helped him in his success with the NSDAP. First he believed deeply in Social-Darwinism where there should be one superior race in Germany and to eventually override all others. He also believed in the popular idea of "Lebensraum" and expending Germany to its full potential all over the world and increase its strength. This would have made the people of Germany praise Hitler because of the harsh land terms of the Treaty of Versailles and it would improve the countries the low moral. His ideas of socialism were also praised by most of the Germans because Hitler wanted to focus on the national community where the people will provide for the state and in turn the state will provide for the people. He was against Marxism and democracy because he believed that they both provided a weak government and that the state would be much more powerful and successful with a single-party. He also hated capitalism and believed that it would promote Jewish big-business owners that will take all the money from the people.

Hitler's Ideals Expressed in Mein Kampf

Volume One, Chapter Six:"War Propaganda" In this part of Hitler's Mien Kampf Hitler explains what he believes is necessary to win the popular vote of the German people. He believed that the people who were already educated about the Nazi party didn't need to be further educated and that the people who knew nothing about the party needed to understand so that everyone would know about them. He believed that the emotional aspect of the crowds needs to be adressed in order to actually pursued them enough to go with the Nazis. He said that the speeches had to be brief and something that the public understand in order for the mto retain what they are told. They believed that slashing the enemy in propaganda was a bad thing. Hitler lays out a good way to prepare the army with his example of British and American soldiers being warned about the Germans.
Volume One, Chapter Ten:"Causes of the Collapse"
In this chapter Hitler explains what he believed was the cause of the collapse and how he sought to change things. He believed that it wasn't what the popular belief was (that the War had caused it) but rather the Jewish people were the cause for the collapse. He explains that the Jewish people's religion is based on lies which ultimately ruined the state. He believed that a large part of the economic downfall had to do with the disappearance of the right of public property and the national ownership of stocks. He says that the Jewish people had controlled the businesses and were turning the country into turmoil. He said that the Jews had been slowly trying to "break the backbone" of Germany and slowly take away the nationalism of the people.
Volume One, Chapter Eleven:"Nation and Race"
Hitler believed that there should be one dominant race in Germany. This would be the national race. He says that a consequence of this is the 'delimitation' of the different races that naturally come to Germany. He disliked the idea of Aryan people having children with non-Aryan people and compares this to the Americas and the different peoples that live there. He wants to address the problem of Jewish people immediately and make sure that they no longer contribute to the racial problems. They need to also address the issue of the blood-Germans and the 'fake' Germans.
Volume Two, Chapter Fourteen:"Eastern Orientation or Eastern Policy"
Hitler addresses the issues of national power and government in this section. He says that they must 'unflinchingly' take back the land that they are entitled to. He uses an analogy to blood sacrifice of one to the government to show how the public will work hard for the government and the government will work hard for the people. He says that the 'pen-pushers' are the people that are ruining the country. He continues to talk about how they will eventually conquer more land that other people are going to destroy with their ideas someday. He says that it is their right to have land and that they will become a world power or they will not be satisfied. Germany must provide to its citizens. This will probably look really good to the people of Germany and get them excited about the Nazi Party.

Hitler's Background

Hitler's Past

• Born Austrian - continues to live there for years
• Lives in the slums of Vienna w/ Jewish and Marxist advocates -- begins his anti-Semitic and anti-marxism feelings
• Moves to Munich, Germany in 1913

Hitler's Character

• Shy, awkward, moody, lonely
• Contemptuous of mankind >:(
• Tremendous energy and willpower
• Single minded fanatic

Propaganda Skills

• Great Orator and captured the audience w/ his speeches
• Turned what the crowd wanted to hear into words

Ideas he had

• Social Darwinism/survival of the fittest (German race should override all others)
• All Germans should join together - Pan-Germanism
• "Lebensraum" Germany must expand and become more of a world power to feed growing population
• Believer in socialism - stressing the needs of the national community
• Anti-Marxism and the idea of Karl Marx because he was a non-religious Jew
• Anti-democracy - it provided weak government and needed to be replaced with a single party state
• Anti-capitalism - power that came from being very rich - owners of the big businesses and firms; the Jews

The Munich Putsch and the Nazis 25-Point Program

The Munich Putsch

1. Finish / Transcribe your paragraph response to the failed Munich Putsch. You started it / completed it during class today. Please keep in mind that next week you will be asked an open-ended question regarding the causes and significance of the Munich Putsch.

The Munich Putsch seemed to be a "failed" attempt for Hitler to spread Nazi ideas in the Bavarian state. There were different reasons that the Munich Putsch failed. One of these reasons was because it was poorly planned and the Nazis were not ready for power. They were not organized enough for the march and everything they had planned turned sporadic and disorganized. Another reason the Putsch failed was that Hilter's drive was low. If it wasn't for Ludendorff marching on, the Putsch would have been a completely ended when Hitler ran away because of his dislocated shoulder. It also seemed like the crowds at the Beer Hall that were once eagerly listening to Hitler's speeches had stopped and lost intrest all together. It seemed as though the Nazi Party was on its death bed and there would be no victory that they once thought would come.

It turned out that in the longrun many of the "failed" aspects in the attempt turned out to be slow victory for the Nazis. Once the Munich Putsch was over, the Nazis had time to figure everything out and learn from the mistakes that they had made. Hitler was given time in a comfortable jail to think about the different policies he was previously trying to enforce and how he could change them. He also had time to finish writing his book Mein Kampf a success for him that would pave the road to the beliefs he was trying to persuade the German people with. Overall the fail of the Munich Putsch had given Hitler time to think about what he could change to the government to make the people of Germany side with him, getting him the all important popular vote.

The Nazis 25-point Program

2. Based on the 25-point Program, what were the main ideas of the NSDAP when Hitler joined it? (He helped framed these points after joining in 1919, along with Nazi founder Anton Drexler. Hitler would replace Drexler as leader in 1921.) The 25-point Program is at my website. Please keep in mind that on next week's exam you will be asked to discuss the main ideas of the NSDAP.

• Exclude the Jewish people from the Government
• Expand the German Empire (get Germany + Austria back) - Lebensraum
• Get rid of the Treaty of Versailles
• Only German blood can live in Germany -- Except the Jews
• Everyone must work except for the mothers
• Nationalization of Industry
• Kill the criminals
• Education will be reformed -- taught the "Germany way"
• Education of the gifted children
• Encouraging sports like gymnastics and swimming
• Create national Army
• The state must provide for its people
• The people must provide for the state

The Birth of the Weimar Republic

1. Why was it called the Weimar Republic and not the Berlin Republic?

It was called the Weimar Republic because the new government met in the little town of Weimar because Berlin was seen at the time as too violent and unstable.

2. What new rights did Friedrich Ebert promise the German people?

Friedrich Ebert promised the people of Germany things that are usually seen in a democracy like the right to free worship, freedom of speech and better working conditions.

3. Hey, a democracy. Sounds great! Why was this a shock to the Germany peoples' systems?

This was a major shock to the German peoples' systems because they had been used to having a Kaiser and a monarchy (basically a dictator). The people of Germany had never really lived in a democracy before this.

4. What positions did the opposition on the right hold that restricted Friedrich Ebert's new government?

The right held positions directly from the Kaiser's ruling in the army, judiciary, civil service, and industrial areas of the government.

5. What was the name of "powerful myth" that developed and what "evidence" was there to support the myth?

The name of the 'powerful myth' that developed was "The Stab in the Back". Most of the "evidence" was found that the right side had been purposely plotting to make Germany lose the war. People believed that the German army had been betrayed by Social and Liberal politicians that agreed to the Armistice. The people that believed the legend of the "Stab in the Back" believed that the Germans hadn't lost on the battlefield but that they were betrayed by their own people on the home front.

6. Study Source 3: What position was Ebert elected to in Jan. 1919? Who elected him?

Friedrich Ebert was elected to president of the Weimar Republic in January 1919. The Kaiser added him into the picture when he abdicated the throne even though it says that he was elected by the people in source 3. He put him in charge making him the president.

7. Study Source 3: How would a Chancellor gain power in the Weimar Republic? (Why you need to know this: By 1933 Hitler will have this job.)

A chancellor would gain power in the Weimar Republic by being appointed by the President of the Republic. The chancellor needed the support of half of the Reichstag.

Impact of WWI on Germany

Make a list of the challenges facing Friedrich Ebert when he became the leader of Germany following the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II on Nov. 9, 1918.

Political Challenges

• Political system was completely altered - monarchy has been destroyed
• Became a democratic-republic (Weimar Republic)
• Many ex-soldiers hated the democratic leaders – “Field Marshall Hindenburg was betrayed by weak politicians”
• Thought of the democrats as evil and that they were ruining the role that Hindenburg played in Germany
• Bavaria declared themselves an independent Socialist Republic

Social Challenges

• War had divided Germany even more - people with different ideas and living in different classes of society
• Large gaps between rich and poor living standards
• The poor lived to the extremes because they were being payed less while the rich lavished in the money they were making from the war
• Women being called to work in factories during the war – damaging to family values
• Families were torn apart when women had to work in factories and the men were busy fighting in the war

Economic Challenges

• National income was about 1/3 of what it used to be in 1913
• Germany was virtually bankrupt
• Had to start over if they were dependent on old currency
• Currency was basically worthless - people had lost life savings
• Industrial productions was 2/3 of what it used to be in 1913
• Workers had to earn less which was making them bitter while factory owners gained vast profit

Germans React Angrily to the Treaty

Under each of the following six points briefly explain why Germany reacted so angrily to the Treaty of Versailles.

1. Germans were not aware of the situation in 1919.

• Many of the Germans didn't know how badly devastated the military was during the war
• Really didn't even think that they lost the war - really didn't know
• Thought that Germany had signed a ceasefire and that they were at the Paris Peace Conference
• Angry because they weren't represented at the peace talks
• So much confusion in the citizens of Germany at this time

2. War guilt and reparations

• 'War Guilt Clause' - very hated by the Germans
• German citizens think that the blame needs to be shared with the other involved countries
• Expected to pay for ALL the damage the Allies were faced with
• Economy in Germany was extremely poor at the time making it hard to pay the reparations
• Belgian and French troops seized main industrial area when they couldn't make a payment

3. Disarmament

• Very upsetting - an army of 100,000 was very small
• Germany was a larger country that was suppost to be a world power and couldn't be with such a small army
• Army was a sign of pride - without it/with a small one it made a bad image
• None of the Allies disarmed as much as Germany was forced to do - going against Wilson's 14 points
• Opening doors for Hitler - revamping the army to make the citizens happy

4. German territories

• Lost a lot of territory - another shot to German pride just like the shortening of the army was
• Important industrial areas (Saar and Silesia) were lost
• They had to watch as the Allies took what they wanted from Germany's former territories in Africa and the Middle East
• Less places around the world Germany could control
• This was also a major blow to Germany's pride because it lessened it as a world power because it didn't control many nations around the world

5. Fourteen Points and League

• The people of Germany are feeling very insulted seeing that the treatment of Germany was not keeping on with the 14 Points
• Even though self control was given to some countries German-speaking people were still divided
• They were divided and sent off to live in countries that were ruled by 'non-Germans'
• By not being invited to the League of Nations Germany also felt very insulted

6. Double Standards?

• Nobody cared about Germany's complaints about the Treat of Versailles
• Is Germany operating a double standard? - thoughts of people during the time
• They were complaining that the treaty was way too harsh even though they created one even worse with Russia in 1918 (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk)
• Beliefs that Germany's harsh economic issues were self-inflected and it was their own fault - pretty insulting
• Government planning on taxing the defeated countries

Germany is "Punished" by the Big Three at Versailles

1. Using information and sources on pages 14 - 17, summarize the aims of the three leaders at the Paris Peace Conference.

Georges Clemenceau (France)

Attitude towards Germany:

• Wants revenge and to cripple Germany - no chance of winning against France in another war
• Extremely angered with Germany wants them to be completely crippled

Main Aim:

• Ease the people of France's mind - crippling Germany
• Payback

How he felt about the treaty

• Good chance to get payback
• We like it
• Wants it harsh

Woodrow Wilson (United States)

Attitude towards Germany:

• Calmer than Clemenceau
• Wants to keep the peace and prevent future wars

Main Aim:

• Strengthen Democracy in Germany so it would less likely cause another war

How he felt about the treaty

• Clemenceau's thinking is too harsh
• Make it fair

David Lloyd George (Great Britain)

Attitude towards Germany:

• They should be punished but fairly

Main Aim:

• Get rid of Germany's Navy - no threats to Britain
• Prevent future wars

How he felt about the treaty:

• Clemenceau was too harsh

Main Terms of the Treaty of Versailles against Germany

2. Read pages 18 - 19. Summarize the main terms of the Treaty of Versailles:

War Guilt:

Germany had to take blame for the start of the war.

Reparations:

Germany has to pay the Allies for the damage that the wat brought.



German Territories and Colonies:

Germany was to give all territories and colonies over to the League of Nations (France and Britain).



Germany's Armed Forces:
Germany was to cut down on its army (lower number of troops, battleships, and no armored transportation) to reduce the threat to the Allies.


League of Nations:

A peacekeeping strategy that would act like a "world police".

The German Revolution

1. Using the documents in Chapter 1 as evidence, list the ways in which conditions in Germany worsened during the war.

• Woman complaining of high price of food (large inflation) & want 'their men' back from the trenches
• Lack of food - ships couldn't get through
• "Turnip Winter" - no coal, gas, light, food
• Little to no glory in the soldiers making the battles weaker

2. Give two reasons why the war caused such bad conditions for German civilians.

• Food shortages - blockades from cargo ships and the fact that the army needed the food so they took it from the civilians (malnutrition from the number of calories they were receiving)
• There was a large inflation causing prices of everyday items to heighten

3. After reading Chapter 2, give two reasons why Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on November 10, 1918.

• Revolutions that he couldn't control started to take place
• Army stopped supporting him

4. Using the information you have read in this chapter, give evidence to support the statement that there was "revolution all over Germany."

The is a lot of support to the statement that there was "revolution all over Germany". One example is that the people that are supposed to be fighting for the country, the navy, are now revolting and protesting against it. They start to move to the land with mutiny all over Germany.

5. Study the information about the German Socialists in Chapter 2, page 5. What did the three Socialist groups have in common?

All three socialist groups had aimed to improve workers' conditions and to give democratic rights to the citizens of Germany.

6. In what ways were the Socialist groups different.

The socialist groups had different methods.

Social Democratic Party - support government & make reforms by acts of parliament

The Independent Socialists - oppose government & make reforms with strikes

The Spartacists - overthrow government in revolution & workers would make reforms

7. After reading Chapter 3 make a time chart of the events of the German Revolution from Nov. 10, 1918 to Jan. 15, 1919. You should be able to find six events.

November 10, 1918

Early/Mid December - Social Democrats shot into the crowd of a Spartacist gathering/demonstration killing 16

Late December (23?) - Underpaid sailors hold Elbert hostage at gunpoint demanding for more pay

January 1 - Spartacists changed their name to Communist Party of Germany

January 6 - Communist Party of Germany (Spartacists) start revolution

January 10 - Ebert's Free Corps fighters attacked back in the streets of Berlin for three days

January 15, 1919 - Rosa Luxembourg and Karl Liebknecht arrested, tortured, and killed by Ebert's fighters

8. At what time would you say the Communists had their best chance of seizing power? Explain your answer.

I would say that the Communists had their best chance at seizing power right when the civilians were paying for the war. With the ideas of Communism that would have probably been very appealing to the people having to live in the conditions of Germany at the time of the war. Mostly because of the high costs and poor amounts of food that were circulating to most of the civilians.

The German Revolution

1. Using the documents in Chapter 1 as evidence, list the ways in which conditions in Germany worsened during the war.

• Woman complaining of high price of food (large inflation) & want 'their men' back from the trenches
• Lack of food - ships couldn't get through
• "Turnip Winter" - no coal, gas, light, food
• Little to no glory in the soldiers making the battles weaker

2. Give two reasons why the war caused such bad conditions for German civilians.

• Food shortages - blockades from cargo ships and the fact that the army needed the food so they took it from the civilians (malnutrition from the number of calories they were receiving)
• There was a large inflation causing prices of everyday items to heighten

3. After reading Chapter 2, give two reasons why Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on November 10, 1918.

• Nothing he could do for his country
• Army stopped supporting him

4. Using the information you have read in this chapter, give evidence to support the statement that there was "revolution all over Germany."

5. Study the information about the German Socialists in Chapter 2, page 5. What did the three Socialist groups have in common?

All three socialist groups had aimed to improve workers' conditions and to give democratic rights to the citizens of Germany.

6. In what ways were the Socialist groups different.

The socialist groups had different methods.

Social Democratic Party - support government & make reforms by acts of parliament

The Independent Socialists - oppose government & make reforms with strikes

The Sparti

7. After reading Chapter 3 make a time chart of the events of the German Revolution from Nov. 10, 1918 to Jan. 15, 1919. You should be able to find six events.

8. At what time would you say the Communists had their best chance of seizing power? Explain your answer.

Russia, 1861-1905

1. List the general goals of the:

a. socialists

• Wanted to create a classless society ultimately ending the suffering of the workers and peasants
• OUT with Capitalist economic system
• Take from the owners and give to the state idea

b. liberal reformers

• Ideas from the Enlightenment
• Use Western constitutional practices to end problems that happened in the past

2. List three characteristics of serfs' lives.

• Considered peasants
• Usually the workers (farmers)
• Large part of the population (90%)

3. List four reforms of Tsar Alexander II.

• Emancipation of the Serfs
• Jury trials
• "Relaxed censorship laws"
• Zemstvos - local elected assemblies

4. Why did the populists go "to the people" in 1873-1874?

The populists went "to the people" because they made up most of the population. They tried to find out what it was like to be a peasant so they could make their tactics more relatable.

5. List two consequences of the famine of 1891.

• Communities started to get angered leading to small revolts and land seizes
• 500,000 peasants died from malnutrition and disease

6. Why was Karl Marx important to Russian intellectuals?

Karl Marx was important to Russian intellectuals because the ideas he portrayed in his books seemed to explain to them why the famine actually occurred. They also liked the ideas of Russia becoming more Westernized which they saw Marx explain.

7. What were the Goals and Methods of the following political groups in early twentieth century Russia? (see page 8 of the reading)

a. Liberal Democrats

• Supported the idea of Russia becoming more like a Western European government
• Value individual liberty
• Role of state = protecting citizen rights

b. Socialist Revolutionaries

• "Ancestors" of the terrorist group "the People's Will"
• Socialize all land and transfer it to communes
• Replace monarchy with democratic republic

c. Social Democrats

• Beliefs based in Marxism
• Wanted to work with peasants and slow industrialization
• Workers lead into revolution

8. How did Bloody Sunday change people's attitudes toward the Tsar?

Bloody Sunday changed people's attitudes toward the Tsar because he ended something peaceful with something violent on his own people. He was unable to provide for the people after as well.

9. List four reforms in Tsar Nicholas's October Manifesto.

• Expansion of civil liberties
• A limited monarchy
• A legislature elected byuniversal suffrage
• Legalization of trade unions and political parties

The Seeds of Conflict

1. Define "The West." Make sure you could identify several countries as examples.

"The West" was the name when referring to countries with capitalist governments. America, Britain, and France were examples.

2. Explain the differences in the economic ideology between the West and the USSR.

West: In "The West", social classes were evident. Businesses could be owned privately creating barriers from the working class and the rich.

USSR: The communists of the USSR believed that businesses should be owned by "the people" meaning that the state as a whole should own it. The good produced would be distributed fairly.

3. Explain the differences in the political ideology between the West and the USSR.

West: "The West" believed in Liberal Democracy. Basic freedoms such as press, worship, and speech are believed to be important. Also it gave the people the choice to vote for government.

USSR: The communists in the USSR believed that there was no need for different political parties because it would be ruled by and for the people.

4. What was the Comintern (Communist International) and why did it concern the West.

The Comintern was a way for the communist groups from all over the world to stick together. This frightened the West because it would work in order to get rid of capitalism by all means.

5. What occurred during the Russian Civil War (1918-21) that solidified the opposition between the West and the Communists? (Be specific and use key details.)

During the Russian Civil War the Communists realized that the West would use military action in order to stop Communism. Also when Hilter's policy came into action it created a large opposition between the West and the Communists.