Russia, 1861-1905

1. List the general goals of the:

a. socialists

• Wanted to create a classless society ultimately ending the suffering of the workers and peasants
• OUT with Capitalist economic system
• Take from the owners and give to the state idea

b. liberal reformers

• Ideas from the Enlightenment
• Use Western constitutional practices to end problems that happened in the past

2. List three characteristics of serfs' lives.

• Considered peasants
• Usually the workers (farmers)
• Large part of the population (90%)

3. List four reforms of Tsar Alexander II.

• Emancipation of the Serfs
• Jury trials
• "Relaxed censorship laws"
• Zemstvos - local elected assemblies

4. Why did the populists go "to the people" in 1873-1874?

The populists went "to the people" because they made up most of the population. They tried to find out what it was like to be a peasant so they could make their tactics more relatable.

5. List two consequences of the famine of 1891.

• Communities started to get angered leading to small revolts and land seizes
• 500,000 peasants died from malnutrition and disease

6. Why was Karl Marx important to Russian intellectuals?

Karl Marx was important to Russian intellectuals because the ideas he portrayed in his books seemed to explain to them why the famine actually occurred. They also liked the ideas of Russia becoming more Westernized which they saw Marx explain.

7. What were the Goals and Methods of the following political groups in early twentieth century Russia? (see page 8 of the reading)

a. Liberal Democrats

• Supported the idea of Russia becoming more like a Western European government
• Value individual liberty
• Role of state = protecting citizen rights

b. Socialist Revolutionaries

• "Ancestors" of the terrorist group "the People's Will"
• Socialize all land and transfer it to communes
• Replace monarchy with democratic republic

c. Social Democrats

• Beliefs based in Marxism
• Wanted to work with peasants and slow industrialization
• Workers lead into revolution

8. How did Bloody Sunday change people's attitudes toward the Tsar?

Bloody Sunday changed people's attitudes toward the Tsar because he ended something peaceful with something violent on his own people. He was unable to provide for the people after as well.

9. List four reforms in Tsar Nicholas's October Manifesto.

• Expansion of civil liberties
• A limited monarchy
• A legislature elected byuniversal suffrage
• Legalization of trade unions and political parties